Friday, April 25, 2008

Alcuin Club Tracts XI English or Roman Use?

Project Canterbury

[Alcuin Club Tracts XI]

English or Roman Use?

by E. G. P. Wyatt, MA

[A. R. Mowbray and Co. Ltd. London;
Milwaukee, U.S.A.: The Young Churchman Co., 1913]

transcribed by Mr Allan R Wylie
AD 2000


"While you stick to the old Church of England ways you are respectable—it is going by a sort of tradition ; when you profess to return to lost Church of England ways you are rational ;—but when you invent a new ceremonial which never was, when you copy the Roman or other foreign rituals, you are neither respectable nor rational. It is sectarian."—J. H. Newman to Henry Wilberforce. Life of J. H. Cardinal Newman, by W. Ward. 1912. I. 235.

"THE English Use" is a convenient title to express I what is aimed at by those who desire loyally to follow the directions given or implied by our Church in the Prayer Book in respect of Church Ornaments and Ceremonial. It will scarcely be denied that the Church of England has a right to a ceremonial law of its own, and beyond question the Prayer Book contains at least a certain number of explicit directions. The upholders of "The English Use," then, desire to take for their guiding principle the appeal to authority and to set aside any personal preference for this system or that, whether in whole or in part. It might have been expected that this would be accepted as a matter of course, but in practice it has not been so. There are a considerable number who looked for guidance to the books and the practice of the Roman Catholic Church of the present day, and this not merely by way of supplementing, but sometimes of superseding the directions of the Prayer Book. This seems to have come about in the following way.

When the Church Revival started on its way in the last our English traditions as to the conduct of century, own b Divine Worship and Ceremonial had been to a large extent forgotten. When it was desired to carry out the directions of the Prayer Book more exactly, and still more, when it was found necessary to supplement them owing to their giving insufficient guidance, it was thought that the easiest way to ascertain the pre-Reformation customs of the English Church was to imitate what was done in the Roman Church of the present day, as it was assumed that they must be, more or less, identical.

The habit of consulting the custom of the Roman Church seems to have grown, and to have resulted, in many cases, not merely in supplementing the directions of the Prayer Book where necessary, but in adopting the Roman customs as a whole, and adapting the Prayer Book services to them as far as possible, in some cases directly overriding the rubrics in the Prayer Book.

This state of things still prevails largely in certain quarters,—although the base on which it existed has been removed by the researches and study of the last half-century, and other reasons are now put forward to justify the resort to Roman customs, which is also continued, in many instances, simply through a sort of conservatism, which does not care to look beyond a tradition that has existed in this or that parish church for, perhaps, thirty or forty years. But, after all, Churchmen are all “men under authority,” and we ought to be able to justify our customs in public worship by such an appeal to authority as is consistent with the character which we ought to possess as loyal and rational members of the Church. The appeal to the directions of the Prayer Book is unimpeachable as far as it goes, but it is not complete.

Mr. Wakeman, in his History of the Church of England, says:—

"The most superficial examination of the rules and directions for the celebration of public worship in the Prayer Book of 1549 is sufficient to show that they certainly were never intended to form a complete code of instructions."

"The fact is that the book is unintelligible except on the theory that it presupposed the existence of a well-known system, and only gave such directions as were necessary to carry out and explain the changes which had been made.”’[1]

Nor is this view a more modern invention. The writer of the Notes on the Prayer Book ascribed to Bishop Cosin (1st series), states

"It is to be noted that the book does not everywhere enjoin and prescribe every little order, what should be said or done, but takes it for granted that people are acquainted with such common . . . things, . . . and let ancient customs prevail, the thing which our Church chiefly intended in the review of the service.” [2]

As a commentary on the phrase Let ancient customs prevail, the answer of the bishops at the Savoy Conference in 1661 may be quoted

"If we do not observe that golden rule of the venerable Council of Nice, ‘Let ancient customs prevail,’ till reason plainly requires the contrary, we shall give offence to sober Christians by a causeless departure from Catholic usage, and a greater advantage to enemies of our Church than our brethren, I hope, would willingly grant. [3]

It may be noted that the scanty and incomplete nature of the rubrics in the Prayer Book simply followed the universal practice which had previously obtained in all service books, such as breviaries and missals. For complete directions as to the method in which services were to be performed, reference had to be made elsewhere, e.g., to the Ordinale or Directorium.

Dr. Frere also tells us

"In approaching the rubrics of the Prayer Book the past history of rubrics will necessarily lead us to expect something incomplete rather than something finished, something that rests to a large extent on tradition rather than something that is self-sufficient. Such expectations will be amply justified so far as the First Prayer Book is concerned.” The incompleteness of these provisions is evident; they are insufficient ritually as well as ceremonially. They could only suffice on the ground that there was behind them a well-known traditional order which the priest would be expected to follow wherever he was not commanded otherwise. A careful examination will confirm this impression; and it is to be noticed, first, that the rubrics themselves continually appeal to this tradition; and secondly, that, of the rubrics that are given, almost all are intended to call attention to something unusual, either in the way of novelty or in contradiction of the familiar ways; in other words, they exist in order to be either supplementary or corrective." [4]

The Elizabethan Prayer Book made a further appeal to tradition and custom by the insertion of the rubric ordering that the ornaments of the period of the first compilation of the Prayer Book should be used, and that the chancels should remain as they were "in times past."

In the Revision of the Prayer Book at the Restoration considerable additions were made to the rubrics, no doubt partly, at least, because of the breach in Church tradition made by the Great Rebellion. The additional rubrics mostly consisted in definitely prescribing some of the traditional ceremonies which had grown up in supplement to the rubrics since the first introduction of the Prayer Book.

But, in spite of all these additions, the rubrics of the revised book of 1662 remain very far from being a complete guide to the conduct of public worship. Can there be any doubt that the principle of obedience to authority binds us to supplement these incomplete directions where necessary by a resort to authoritative traditions and customs?

Yet there are some who do not accept this view. They continue, or extend, the resort to Roman customs, which grew up in the last century from lack of liturgical knowledge. And for this they give several reasons, none of which were the cause of their original adoption in the last century. It is not necessary to go into these reasons, as they are all (whether consciously or not) based on the assumption that the Church of England at the present day has no authoritative ceremonial of her own, and that consequently all may do as they please.

There is one reason, however, commonly given which has a considerable influence, and therefore demands some attention; it is that the resort to Roman Catholic customs furthers the cause of Reunion. But when one considers what are the causes which have produced the present state of disunion in the Catholic Church, this plea seems almost ludicrous.

In the first place the cause which really divides us from the Roman Church, and would continue to divide us if all other causes were removed, is the Papal Supremacy. The ideal, then, which is really implied must be that of Reunion by acceptance of the Papal Supremacy, for no amount of uniform and exact performance of Roman Catholic customs would be taken as a substitute for submission to the Pope.

In the second place the plea assumes that for inter-communion it is necessary to have one uniform rite and ceremonial. But, apart from the fact that in the Undivided Church there existed a great many national uses, and the fact that in the Western Church itself down to the Reformation there existed both national and diocesan uses (they were in fact the normal state of things) without any breach of communion, there is more than one rite in use in the churches of the Roman obedience today. There is, for instance, the Ambrosian Rite in the Province of Milan; many of the religious communities have their own rites and ceremonies, and so do the Uniat Churches of the East.

This supposed necessity for a uniform rite seems to be one motive, at least, for the practice of interpolating the Prayer Book Communion Service with extracts from the Roman Canon. In order to justify this, it has been maintained that the Prayer Book was meant simply to be a paroissien, and that the English Eucharist was intended only as an office for giving Communion. In fact the wish to interpolate has actually led some people to argue that the Prayer Book prayer of oblation was meant to be merely a thanksgiving—a sacrifice of thanksgiving and of ourselves being intended, and no more—and that therefore it ought to remain in its present place, apparently to prevent any obstacle to the interpolations from the Roman Mass.

But why should we take the Roman Mass as the ideal to which to turn for the improvement of our present service? It is one thing for those who have used it for centuries to desire to keep to it, in spite of its obscurities and its clumsy arrangement, which its latest Roman Catholic historian describes in the following terms—"its abrupt transitions, reduplications, and harsh constructions"; but it would be quite another matter to adopt it afresh after having had our present service for three centuries and a half. Yet it seems to be with this ideal in view that we are told that for the sake of reunion we must adopt the Roman ceremonial which is found in the official books set forth for parochial use. It has even been asserted that, if the Church of England had not been more or less moribund for three hundred years (!), this is the ceremonial which we should now have been using at the present day—a large assumption, indeed, which among other things takes for granted that English Churchmen in such circumstances would be more Ultramontane and less conservative than Frenchmen or Spaniards, who have kept up many of their old customs to the present day.

Thirdly, the plea practically ignores the existence of the Eastern Churches. The adoption of Roman Catholic customs would certainly not help on Reunion with them; on the contrary, it might be a serious hindrance. And Reunion without the East would not be Reunion at all.

The English Use, then, stands above all for the great principle of obedience to authority. Its upholders main–tain that the Church of England has a living rite of its own, the ceremonial of which is to be found explicitly in the Prayer Book and in the Canons of 1603, and implicitly in other post-Reformation authoritative customs, and those of the time of the first compilation of the Prayer Book. It is necessary to deal with the objections which are most commonly brought forward against it.

Objection 1.—The reproach is made against the upholders of the English Use that they have "divided the Catholic camp" by breaking in upon a tradition which had been held by all within that "camp" for half a century. But this does not agree with the facts. There can be no doubt that those who first accepted Roman usages in the early days of the Church Revival did so in the belief that these were identical with those that prevailed in the English Church before the Reformation, and when the progress of liturgical and ecclesiological learning showed that this belief was mistaken, some, at least, sought a remedy by resorting wholesale to Sarum usages, or what were thought to be such, thirty years ago, or more.

Objection 2.—Then we are told that a "living" use ought to be preferred to a "dead" one. This idea seems to spring from a misunderstanding of what is implied by the English Use. It does not consist in reviving a rite which has passed out of use and become obsolete. On the contrary, it is the living rite of the Prayer Book, and if reference is made on any particular point to a custom which has been disused, it may be, for a very long time, there is no meaning in calling it a "dead" custom. At one time Ascension Day seems to have completely passed out of observance in England: would it have been any answer to those who wished to revive its observance to say that it was "dead" and therefore could not be revived?

Objection 3.—The English Use is "antiquarian" and has its origin in the "British Museum." If these phrases have any meaning they are really complimentary, and not the reverse, for they imply that the English Use is based on sound learning. Those who repeat this little jest seem to be unaware that the British Museum is not a collection of Mediaeval Church antiquities, but is the home of scholars because it contains the largest library in the world. Like everything else in religion, the English Use has its roots in the past, and is based on precedent. Can the secret of the objectors’ reverence for the Papal Congregation of Sacred Rites be that its decisions are thought to be "up-to-date," and based on "common sense" only, and to have nothing to do with either learning or precedent?

Objection 4.—The English Use is "artificial." This apparently means that it starts from the directions in the Prayer Book as a basis, and merely supplements them by the authoritative customs to which the Prayer Book explicitly or implicitly refers us, instead of adopting a whole system bodily from another rite, and omitting only so much of it as is necessitated by the fact of the rite being different from our own.

Objection 5.—The English Use is "uncertain." This sometimes takes the form of asking which of the old English rites abolished by the Prayer Book, Sarum, York, etc., we are to adopt. But the English Use does not imply the wholesale adoption of any rite but that of the Prayer Book. Sometimes, however, the objection is made that there is no certain knowledge about the former customs to which we are referred, contrasting this method with the easy resort to a ready-made system, which every one can find for himself in the Roman books. But, as a matter of fact, owing to the researches of the "antiquarians" in the available records, there is no difficulty at all in getting any information that is necessary with regard to the old customs in question, and wonderfully little difference of opinion about them. And among the English churches that are supposed to follow the Roman Use, is there one that follows it exactly, or any two that are alike?

Objection 6.—It is objected that the English Use sets up "national" against "Catholic" customs. But this has no meaning in the mouth of anybody, but an Ultramontane. It is true that for some centuries the Papacy has, in Western Europe, been endeavouring to abolish national rites and in other ways to introduce a rigid uniformity in rites and ceremonies. But it has never completely succeeded, and even in Roman Catholic countries a good many of the old national customs exist, and of course the Uniat Churches of the East have their own rites. The Eastern Churches have always been national. But formerly in the West there were diocesan rites and ceremonies as well, and there still are at Milan.

Objection 7.—The English Use is "insular"; and it is further objected that the old English customs were themselves foreign in origin. For this objection to have any relevance, it would have to be shown that it was in old times open to any parish priest in England to introduce into a parish church on his own authority any ceremonial that struck his fancy, if he happened to travel abroad. But the whole objection is based on a misunderstanding. The English use is not advocated because it is "English" and not "foreign," but because it is authoritative.

We may add, by the way, that the word "insular," as applied to things English, has long been out of date; it is precisely English customs and men and the English language which are found all over the world; and the Anglican Communion has its bishops, priests, and congregations, using many languages, spread far and wide over the globe.

In view of this charge of insularity which is brought against the English Use, it may be worth while to quote the following passage, translated from a review in the Revue Benedictine, [5] of Fifty Pictures of Gothic Altars, edited by Dr. Dearmer for the Alcuin Club.

"The altar, in fact, is the principal symbol of Christ, who there comes into contact with the earth. Next to the Holy Sacrament there is nothing among things visible more august than the altar. The English terminology in this matter vindicates this character of the altar, since it esteems it as the living Christ, and describes it as such. The altar has a front and a back the ante–pendium (a word which tells us nothing) is called in English the frontal, and the border of the altar-covering is the frontlet; the curtain at the back is the dorsal; lastly, the retable (restabulum, something fixed—another commonplace word) is called in English reredos, from an old French word, imported from Normandy like so many others.

"How completely is all this symbolism absent from the altar, as conceived by us, since the Renaissance! No longer any mystery, any curtains, any ciborium, seldom even a frontal! The altar is exposed unveiled to the common gaze, and the extravagant development of the reredos which surmounts it has reduced it to the obscure and humiliating function of a mere base (soubassement). Happily the conscientious study of ancient and mediaeval Christian customs is making more and more clear the deviations which have led us to the poor results of the present day. Doubts are beginning to be felt: soon there will be a reaction. A few more publications like that of Dr. Dearmer, especially if they defend our admirable Christian traditions with the fervour of conviction, and we shall again see the surroundings of the altar conspiring as of old to attract the attention and devotion of the faithful towards that which has never ceased to be the soul, the central point, the hearth (foyer), the focus of the Church. The expression again is Dr. Dearmer's. The above extract, coming from a member of the most learned body of Roman Catholic monks, speaks for itself, and may be commended to the notice of those who reject the principles put forward by the supporters of the English Use.

The fact is that, to those whose ideals are identical with those of the Papacy of the present day, the aspect of the whole Catholic Church, while yet undivided, must have appeared "insular" and "national." It was the normal, and really only healthy, state of things for each particular Church to have its own ceremonial. This did not hinder the catholicity of the whole body. Indeed it may fairly be argued that it promoted that catholicity, by setting into clearer relief the real unity which existed in essential matters, coupled with variety and liberty in things not essential.

The accompanying of Catholic faith and practice with a ceremonial which is national in its character is really the only practicable course for us at the present day, in view of the fact that each priest, when he is commissioned, promises to carry out the directions of the Prayer Book and none other, and that we are, after all, Englishmen, and not Frenchmen or Italians or Spaniards. This is the course that is being increasingly followed, and is the only one that can bring peace to our Church and avoid discreditable agitations, or that can induce intelligent Roman Catholics and others to regard us with respect instead of contempt.

Our Church, while being Catholic in all essential matters, has a character of its own, a worship and service book of its own; is it not reasonable that this should be recognizable to the outward eye? A mere copy of something else is not recognized, and commands no respect. At best it can only deceive, by pretending to be something which it is not; and what motive can we have for any pretence whatever in such a matter?

Moreover, imitation is so often unintelligent. Like the rationalizing or infidel writers of our day, who try to popularize in England the speculations of German writers, just when the latter are beginning themselves to abandon them for something fresh, so do our imitators of Rome set up their debased Renaissance altars just when Roman Catholics are beginning to see their defects, and are in many cases returning to mediaeval models; or they lay stress on the elevation at the Eucharist, when an Ultramontane writer like Dr. Fortescue can say, “We must teach our people that the essence of the Mass is not the elevation, but consecration and communion"; or they insist on interpolating an intercession from the Roman Canon into the English Rite between the Sanctus and the Consecration just when Roman Catholic writers have made it practically certain that the Intercession here is an interpolation in the Roman Canon, and that it formerly had its place, as in the Gallican Liturgies and in the Prayer Book, before the Preface, a place which Mgr. Duchesne says "may seem the more natural one"; or they read the Epistle away from the people, a practice which Dr. Fortescue terms "anomalous," since "he is reading to the people."

The whole question is very commonly looked at from too narrow a point of view, as if the ideal were to be the unmolested existence among us of an unlimited amount of ceremonial in a limited number of our churches. This is mere congregationalism, and not Catholicism at all. The problem before us is a much wider one. It is the setting forth and fostering of a sound ideal of ceremonial and order and reverence for authority throughout the whole of our Church. Those who advocate the adoption of Roman usages surely either put no such ideal before themselves, or else cannot realize how little chance there is for them of influencing the Church of England as a whole. They cannot seriously expect that it will accept the authority and guidance of the Papal Congregation of Sacred Rites—for that is the necessary consequence of the system which they advocate. In other words, theirs is practically a counsel of despair.

[1] Wakeman, Introduction to the History of the Church of England, pp. 279, 280.

[2] Cosin’s Works, “Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology.” V. 65.

[3] Cardwell’s Conferences p. 34.

[4] Frere, Principles of Religious Ceremonial, pp. 204, 207.

[5] October, 1912, pp. 536-37


Project Canterbury

The Legal Status of the Sarum Mass (RC point of view)


A correction Fr. Anthony Chadwick (Who I am in great hopes will become a contributor to our blog) Posted this on his yahoo group for the Sarum Use. He emailed me to correct me and said that the Priest who wrote it was actually an English Latin Rite Priest. Apparently I missed the link at the end of original post. This was my mistake and I would like to thank Fr. Anthony for his paternal correction. I am prone to make mistakes and if I do correction is always best, as St. C.S. Lewis said if a man is on the wrong road the wisest thing for him to do is turn back and correct his mistake.


The Legal Status of the Sarum Mass

Following my postings of the Sarum celebration, quite a number of questions have been posed, mostly on other blogs, concerning the legality of celebration according to Sarum: not in a negative way; rather asking 'can we all do it'? I haven't seen a negative comment about the rite itself; all seem to be in agreement that it is a splendid and beautiful way to honour God, but its propriety is something that one or two seem to be curious about. I'm not any sort of a canon lawyer, so I'll try and take a historical approach.
The Sarum Use was the form that Mass was celebrated in throughout the British Isles from the high middle ages (or even earlier) until the Reformation. There were some local variants, such as at Hereford, York, Aberdeen, Bangor, and slight tweaks at Lincoln and Westminster Abbey. Once he seized control of the Church in England, Henry VIII made the Sarum Use standard throughout the kingdom. We presume that Mary simply continued this policy—at least the only missal to be reprinted during her reign was the Sarum one, in 1555. Thus when Mary died, Sarum was the Catholic standard in England and Wales, only Aberdeen in Scotland holding out until 1566 when the Mass was abolished tout court. There would have been other rites and uses in some of the religious orders; the Franciscans used the Roman Use, for instance; the Dominicans, the Dominican &c.
On the eve of Pentecost 1559, presumably the whole Sarum thing would have been celebrated much as you have seen it in these clips plus the blessing of the font &c—and then the following morning the minister would have got into the pulpit and said 'Dearly beloved brethren &c'. It is hard to imagine what must have been the distress of many who had already gone through this before in the reign of Edward VI.
Not all priests conformed, of course. Many fled to the continent. William Allen of Oxford University got seminaries going in France and Rome, and was made Cardinal. Others carried on in their parishes, celebrating the official Book of Common Prayer in the church, and Mass in the vicarage, sometimes distributing consecrated Hosts at the Communion Service in the church to those of Catholic sympathies.
At any rate, these priests may be presumed with reasonable certainty to have used the Sarum Mass (how might they have come by Roman Missals when even the Sarum ones were contraband?), and so in 1570 the practice could not reasonably be said to have died out.
This was the year that Pope St Pius V approved the 'Tridentine' Missal, where Quo Primum states that all liturgies with more than 200 years' continuous usage might continue to be used.
There is little doubt that after this time the Sarum Mass dwindled; there was never a conscious effort to wipe it out, I think; it is just that printing the missal would have been difficult; the seminaries, run by Jesuits, used the Roman Mass—the Church had bigger problems to contend with than keeping Sarum running. So, there was never any act of abrogation of the Use. It continued as the native Use, though everyone used the Roman, by privilege of Quo Primum, which said they might.
Now we spool forwards to the nineteenth century. There was a certain enthusiasm for the revival of the Sarum Rite. It began when Canon Daniel Rock wrote his ground-breaking liturgical studies of the early English period The Church of our Fathers and Hierurgia, being spurred on by Pugin and the Gothic Revival. I read somewhere recently that St Chad's, Birmingham was specifically designed for the Sarum liturgy. However, this was also the period of Ultramontanism. France was still stamping out her local rites (their enthusiam benefitted also from the fact that many of these uses were tinged—or more than tinged—with Jansenism) and the atmosphere of the restoration of the English and Welsh Hierarchy in 1850 made links with Rome all the more desireable.
I have often heard (as have many others) that there was a serious proposal to use the Sarum Use in St Edmund's Ware, and Westminster Cathedral. Never have I seen any watertight evidence for either of these assumptions. The person best placed to make such an investigation (hint, hint) would be Fr Nicholas Schofield, he of the Roman Miscellany, and himself an admirer of the Sarum Use. He is the Westminster Diocesan Archivist, and if there is any evidence to be had, it will be in his hands already. But it might be like looking for a needle in a haystack.
In the Church of England, the early twentieth century saw the turning of the tide away from a Roman liturgical direction towards the Sarum. The 'Ornaments Rubric', stating that churches should look like they did before the reformers really got their hands on them was used to justify the re-re-re-reordering of parish churches in the style we have come to associate with the dear old CofE—which is to say, Sarum-ish. And groups like the Alcuin Club produced book after book demonstrating how one could take the Book of Common Prayer Communion Service and make it look quite like a Sarum Mass (as long as you stuck your fingers in your ears).
In the Catholic Church during the early years of the twentieth century, the centralizing force of the liturgy began to recede. Certain of the religious orders, such as the Cistercians and Carmelites, with Rome's encouragement, began to edit and purify their own liturgies, reinforcing their practice. And Braga, in Portugal, which used a variant form of the Sarum liturgy, completely revived its own rite, quoting, I understand, Quo Primum as its justification for doing so. Rome agreed that it had the right to do so.
I don't know whether any celebrations of the Sarum Rite took place in England before the Second Vatican Council. The first I heard of was in Englefield Green, Surrey, where in the mid-1980s the inappropriately baroque Catholic parish church was the setting for a Mass as part of the celebrations commemorating Runnymede, the nearby setting for the signing of Magna Carta in 1215. Deacon and Subdeacon wore fancy baroque dalmatics stiff with gold braid, while the celebrant wore a 70s striped Slabbinck creation with a high collar and overlay stole. And yet it was still beautiful.
The next celebration that I am aware of was in Merton College Oxford, 11th February 1996, the feast of the Translation of St Frideswide. This was the initiative of the undergraduate Newman Society who worked very hard with the celebrant to get it as right as possible. Well beforehand, the Archbishop, the late Maurice Couve de Murville, was consulted, with reasons for belief that there need be no scruples about celebrating; he concurred, and the celebration went ahead, being repeated enthusiastically a year later for the feast of Candlemas—the video has been posted here.
And here the Sarum Use ran into its first official roadblock in all its long history. Somebody, let us call him X, wrote to Cardinal Hume, to Fr Allen Morris, the chair of the Liturgical Commission of England and Wales and to the Congregation of Rites in Rome, informing them of the celebration and enquiring into its legality, implying that the celebration had taken place without the knowledge of the Archbishop. Cardinal Hume and Fr Morris wrote back in measured words, saying that they didn't really know the situation, but thought that really the decision was Rome's. They didn't seem particularly worried by it either way. The Congregation, though, replied in a letter by a junior official to the Archbishop and to X in the most shocked maiden-auntly terms. It makes me wonder whether the bishops of those who celebrate clown Masses in the US get such dressings-down. I think I know the answer.
I do not think that the official in the Congregation even reached for his code of Canon Law; still less did he make any attempt to find out why and how the celebration took place—he was not even aware whether it had been celebrated in Latin or English. Alcuin Reid, one of the more eminent of the up-and-coming liturgists has said that he is sure that we were on firm ground, and even written about this very matter in his book The Organic Development of the Liturgy (St Michael's Abbey Press 2004, pp118-9). Mgr Schmitz, US superior of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest has in a private conversation said the same.
What is sad is that I have not felt able to continue celebrating the Sarum Use. I am a Catholic, after all, and though I think that the Roman decision was badly made—I must quote one line from it: 'in fact the Roman Missal promulgated by the late Pope Paul VI is of superior quality to previous editions from all points of view'—nonetheless if we are not obedient, if we do not cleave to the rock, then the Church would disintegrate. It will not suffer for the loss of the Sarum Liturgy—I would not say the same for the Traditional Rite generally.
What is sad is that I have heard subsequently that X wrote these letters deliberately in order to make trouble. Let us hope that this is not true; he is supposed to have been of the opinion that one should celebrate Mass traditionally despite official discouragement or even forbidding, and, having seen our enthusiasm for the Sarum, he sought to force us onto his side. If this is true, he miscalculated, and something moving and beautiful has been allowed to fall away as a consequence. I am told, again, that subsequently he joined some Old Catholic sect and received minor orders; later on, he migrated to the Church of England. I repeat that this is hearsay.
Back to Sarum. It was not the end. The then Bishop of Aberdeen, Mario Conti, celebrated a Sarum Mass in 2000 in Aberdeen for the University. Quite apart from the fact that the Sarum Mass was never celebrated in Aberdeen before this (as I mentioned above, it had its own rite before the Reformation), it was an interesting thing to do. Alcuin Reid quotes a letter from now-Archbishop Conti in the book mentioned above, thus:

Permission of the Holy See was not sought, and I judged that it was not needed, since the Mass is substantially that of the so-called Tridentine Rite, the central eucharistic prayer, or canon, being almost word for word that of the Roman canon still in use throughout the Latin rite.


Reid adds:

In the author's opinion, in the light of the principles operative in the reinvigoration of the traditional rite of Braga, both the Archbishop of Birmingham [in our case] and the Bishop of Aberdeen acted within their competence, in harmony with liturgical Tradition, and in accordance with the precedent of the Holy See by allowing, and in the case of the latter, by personally celebrating Mass according to the Sarum rite.

Since then, I have heard rumours of Archbishop Peter Smith allowing a celebration in the Cardiff Diocese last year, but nothing very definite.

So there we have it. I am of the opinion that the Sarum Use is morally available to clergy of the British Isles, though it is now subject to a legal dubium which really needs clearing up. It needs somebody with more leisure than I have to pursue it.

A long post—if you've struggled through, congratulations.

St Osmund, pray for us.

Wednesday, April 23, 2008

Sarum Complin

The Sarum Complin is now released here, over the next few weeks we intend on breaking it up into smaller more manageable portions as well as releasing A PDF, ODT, and WRD version.

Tuesday, April 22, 2008

New Sarum Book

This post is originally from NLM

When looking up our own Fr. Symondson's book on Sir Ninian Comper, I noticed this rather interesting new title that is due out in the coming weeks:

Sarum Use: The Ancient Customs of Salisbury
Philip Baxter
118 pages
Spire Books


The Sarum Use was founded on customs for the organisation of music and liturgy, as well as management and finance, employed by the bishop, dean and chapter of Salisbury Catherdral until the Reformation, when its litutgical content was rationalised by Cranner to form the first English Use in the Common Book of Prayer.

The origins and development of these customs reach back to the early Middle Ages, to Celtic practices, as well as to the Anglo-Saxon customs of royal Sherborne, Sarum, Old and New, refined the traditions with Norman influence and the result was a use which became predominant throughout the English Church.

Philip Baxter is a leading expert on early liturgical developments at Salisbury and had a distinguished career in church music at Oxford University and Salisbury Cathedral where he was a vicar choral, deputising for the precentor.

European readers can order here from Spire Books.
North American readers can order here from David Brown Books.

As you likely picked up from the publishers description of the book, the author, Philip Baxter, is an Anglican.

His personal website notes that he pursued"Sarum Rite studies in the sympathetic environment of Oxford University, when he was appointed to a bursarship, and subsequently elected to a Fellowship of Brasenose College (which had adopted the Sarum Rite on its foundation in 1509). Over some five years he lectured in liturgy and music on courses at Rewley House, Oxford, and for some sixteen years was an occasional lecturer in church history and music, on arts courses of the Open University."

Friday, April 18, 2008

Sarum Mission on Mission

Since founding Sarum Mission it has been deeply on our mind how we should proceed with the mission. Someone has suggested that we focus on the founding of the Brothers while others suggest that we talk to various Priests, Parishes, and Bishops in hope of gaining enough support to have established a Sarum Parish. While these are good ideas Sarum Mission is about more than just the Sarum Liturgies, it is also very much about the Evangelization of the world. The question is how do we bring the world to Christ and Christ to the world.

I have found the answer in a very unlikely place, or perhaps it is the most likely of places, Africa. The solution to our problem is in truth a simple and a hard one simple in plan but more difficult in how to proceed in how to actually carry it out. I am lead to believe it will require writing from scratch a catechetical guide, one which can be used both as a teachers guide as well as a textbook for the inquirer. But I should discuss this after I tell you what exactly Sarum Mission has planned.

After reading the Article 1+1=3 and discussing it among ourselves we have decided to attempt to recreate the experiment here. One drawback which we foresee is that there are no Continuing or Anglo-Catholic Parishes here and so we are left asking how we are to carry out our worship in common as well as where to find a validly ordained Priest. And again as above another drawback we foresee is a good Catechetical tool, this with the addition of our rather small numbers at the moment leaves us asking ourselves are we in over our heads?

I have challenged the brethren though asking them to consider if the apostles did not feel much the same way when they began the twelve setting out into the world "How Lord are we 12 men suppose to convert the entire world?". Yet just as the apostles we must set out, we must try and do as the Lord is calling us to do, as one Saint said "The Lord does not call us to success but only to try". And with this in mind we begin slowly yet in earnest and we begin in the most important way, in prayer for without it nothing can be done.

As there are those of you who have contacted me and I am sure some who have remained anonymous I post this here so that; 1 you might be able to use and adapt these ideas locally, and 2 to encourage you in our common mission.

Mission planting.
I will use the situation of our local community which I believe is as simple a place as any community may begin from. To expound we have nothing save a few members which meet for prayer and mutual support, we have no building, no priest, not even a deacon. We are all laymen who have found each other and share a complete love of our Lord, and wish to worship him in the tradition of Sarum translated into English.

Step 1.
Our community is meeting weekly for prayer and fellowship. Establishing a common time to meet is vital to survival of the mission, if the time keeps changing then it creates chaos and you are doomed to fail from the start.

Step 2.
Pray together, pray for each other, for the all clergy, for the success of the mission and for the conversion of the world. Also include specific conversion intentions "for my mother, for jim cooper" and so, that way the Lord might work on these individuals specifically.

Step 3.
Where as the Church in Africa is using 1+1=3 here because of our small numbers we have decided with much deliberation and prayer to use 1+2=3. That is 1 mission member will take two disciples under their care for 3 years after that time the 2 disciples will be expected to disciple 2 others. When we feel we have become large enough we will reduce the number to the African model. We do not recommend more than 2 disciples at any given time though there are certain cases where an exception must be made. I will give one example; one of our members after talking to a man was able to convince him to become a disciple, however the man being over joyed at the news and Glory of Christ insisted that his whole family must take part. The mans family is him, his wife, 2 sons 14 and 12, and 1 daughter 5. The way in which we have adapted to this is a simple one indeed, The man and his wife are to become disciples and as the Children are Children they will bring them up in the tradition which they are being taught (this is how it should be anyway).

Step 4.
Teaching. For teaching we have decided to begin with the Text of C.S. Lewis in Mere Christianity as a basic introduction to Christianity. From there we have decided to examine the Articles of Orthodoxy. Things however being as they are and this mission being a new experiment we are opening ourselves up to change as need be. (we will keep you all updated)

Step 5.
Worship in common. Because we have no priest for which to experience the Sacraments of our Lord we have determined for a solution the following; 1 to create a specific Liturgy which is intended to allow us to worship in common without a priest present, 2 make arrangements with a valid Priest to make available once a month the Sacraments. Baring number 2 cannot be done travel some towns over once a month to obtain the Sacraments. When it is complete we will provide the text of the common worship.

Please contact us Sarummission@gmail.com if you have questions and would like to start your own community.

Sunday, April 13, 2008

Orthodox Anglicanism

We Pray the Blessing of God the The Father, God The Son, And God the Holy Ghost be in your hearts, on your minds, and in your mouth.

We Here at Sarum Mission have begun a new Project which we are calling Orthodox Anglicanism. The purpose of this project is to layout in clear and simple terms what Orthodox Anglicanism is; we must confess that we have seen a few attempts at what we ourselves are attempting in defining Orthodoxy, and truly if we felt that they were sufficient then we ourselves would do no more. However as it is we find all works along this line wanting in many things; we here at the Sarum Mission do believe that this is due to the fear of offense that taking a firm stand might cause.

We must be charitable at all times however we must not water down or sacrifice the truth for the fear of offense. With this said it is our hope that you find what we provide helpful.

Orthodox Anglicanism

Friday, April 4, 2008

Sarum English or Sarum Latin

The Case for Latin

The case for Latin is a strong one and there are none who can deny that, in fact the Latin Rite Catholics of a traditional mind those who we might call brothers make a good case that one reason for the preference of Latin over the vernacular is the very fact that it has been sanctified. It is one of the Holy Languages (Greek, and Hebrew generally being considered the others), there can be no doubt that the Holy Languages all have an vast amount of power. The Latin language also provides a level of sanctity to the Holy Liturgy; because of its lack of common use it creates in our mind a wall between the secular and the sacred.

The Case for English... sort of.
Though it is true that Latin is a sacred language it is true to say that there is a certain kind of English which has become sacred. While not equal too Latin, Hebrew, and Greek, "Middle English" as it is sometimes called is certainly unique at least into todays world to the Worship of God and the Veneration of His Saints. It is inappropriate for the Anglican Church to begin to calibrate the Novus Ordo or even the Tridentine Liturgy as they have never been common to our Church. We have developed a certain tradition within our own Rite a tradition which should be respected and venerated. Even Pius V who implemented the Liturgy of Trent did so with the specific order to let those Liturgies with ancient practice be. Contrary to what some would have us believe Pius V was not like the more recent Pope who overnight destroyed centuries of tradition, Pius V had a deep respect for those ancient traditions and wanted to see them preserved this is why it was after Vatican II that we saw the abolition of the Ancient Rites and not Trent.

Given the development of our English tradition to worship God and venerate His Saints in a certain flavor and dialect of the English Church there is no good reason that this should end. Our attempt here to restore the Sarum Liturgy is not an attempt to Latinize our Church, though we must acknowledge the contribution of our Mother. We are our Mothers daughter and so while we may borrow many things from the customs and practices of our Mother we still remain Anglican. Where as Latin is intelligible to one who speaks Italian or Spanish or French but it is still sacred for its distinctness, so Middle English is to the Modern English speaker. When one prays "To Thee Lord is mine heart lifted up" or "Thou art God who maketh all things anew" it cannot be helped but to feel as if you are uttering something which should be said in whispers lest you profane it, "O Lord letteth my lips may never offend Thee so".

It should strongly be opposed that our most Sacred prayers be said in this modern vulgar tongue, but it cannot be denied that if even not to the degree of Latin, Middle English has become sacred. In otherwords if you wish to speak Latin become a Latin.

The Sarum Legion of St. Michael

Traditionally St. Michael has been the patron of Soldiers and Warriors; as those baptised into the life of Our Lord Jesus Christ are to "Put on the whole armor of of God" and become soldiers of God it is fitting that our society should bare his name. The Legion of St. Michael is dedicated to the reconversion of the word especially countries of European especially English descent, our goal is to do this through prayer, fasting, penance, and evangelization.

Prayer-
As members of the body of Christ we are called to be a people of prayer, for our society this prayer is centered around the traditions of the Pre-Reformation English Church, in particular the Church of Sarum.
We use the Sarum Missal as translated by A. Harford Pearson.
We are currently undertaking the task of translating the Sarum Breviary as we have not yet found a suitable English translation.
Daily Prayer life
Upon waking
  • The shorter St. Michael prayer 3 times for the intentions of 1 himself, 2 his Priest and Bishop, 3 the protection of the whole Church of God.
  • 1 Hail Mary.(for the conversion of sinners)
  • 1 Our Father.(for our conversion)
  • 1 Glory Be.(in thanks giving)
Throughout the day
  • Christ our King convert our hearts to thee.
  • Lord have Mercy on us sinners.
  • Mother of Sarum pray for us.
  • Mother of all Anglicans pray for us.
In the Evening.
  • Shorter St. Michael prayer.(for our defense in the evening)
  • Hail Mary.(for the conversion of sinners)
  • Our Father.(for our conversion)
  • Glory Be.(in thanks giving)
Before bed.
  • Before bed the Sarum Complin
  • followed by the shorter St. Michael prayer.
  • followed by the ejaculation "St. Micheal patron of this Legion, may we the soldiers of Christ in your care always be obedient to Jesus our Lord, and may the Lord grant us His protection through you this night."

Fasting and abstinence
Fasting and abstinence is an important part of our life as Christians so that we might "make up for what is lacking in Christ's affliction" Col1:24. It one way in which we unite ourselves in a small way through sharing in his suffering. As our suffering is made Holy and Sacramental through Christ crucified who we preach always, we are made Holy in so much as we share in the Passion of our Lord. For this reason we abstain from meet on Fridays and fast the first Friday of every month.

Penance
Christ has bestowed in his ministers the authority to bind and loose, so it is our practice to recieve the Sacrament of penance the first and third week of every month. And to do small acts of penance for ourselves and for others; in this respect we weekly choose one thing to abstain from, or choose to take a particular devotion up.

Evangelization
Evangelization comes in three forms; 1 Prayer, 2 Active, 3 Passive. If we do not pray we cannot be Christ centered and if we are not Christ centered we are dead instruments. It is Christ who converts others not ourselves and so we petition Him for the grace to do his will as well as that others might have the grace to be receptive to His will. As far as Passive evangelization goes we rely on the words often attributed to St. Francis of Assisi "preach always and when necessary use words"; we understand this to mean that our actions reflect our belief as Christians, and thus we must always act as Christians especially when we think no one is looking. Actively evangelization means the deliberate working for and towards the conversion of another individual.

The Brothers of Sarum

The Brothers of Sarum(a working name) is meant to be an monastic Anglican Order.

The Vows
The consecrated Brothers may be both lay and clerical though they all must take the three fold vow of chastity, poverty, and obedience, for those Brothers who are ordained to the Priesthood this is not meant to set precedent or standard for the whole of the Anglican body. It is good for monastics to be celibate, and it is good for those men who are called to Marriage and the Priesthood to be both Married and Priests. But as the Brothers are meant to be wandering Brothers it is not good for them to be married as like the Christ "The Son of man has no place to lay His head".

Evangelization
Unlike the non-consecrated layman the Brother is called to an intense life of prayer and evangelization. He is to be an active missionary as the monks of old going out into the world having no place to lay their head, taking with them no more than what can be carried and trusting in the Lord God to provide as they might need. He is called to go wherever he may be sent and speak to who ever will listen to the Lord Jesus through him, thus preaching is an important charism of the Brother. It is incumbent upon him that he know Scripture and the Fathers as he knows his own name, and that he be able to "give a defense" of his faith.

On the Rule
The Rule of the Brothers is as of yet not completed. It is however to reflect within it the Anglican Spirituality which springs forth from Sarum.

Of the Liturgies and Rites used.
The Liturgies and Rites used by the Brothers are to be those of the Ancient Church of Sarum. The Missal used is to be that which is prescribed to the Sarum Mission, and the Liturgy of the Hours are to be that of an authorized translation.